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Mac OS X Mountain Lion 10.8.5 Free Download. Overview and Screenshots. Mac OS X Mountain Lion 10.8.5 is an updated version of Apple's Mac OS X, which brings some innovation and, as usual, improves the overall experience for users of Apple products. Mac OS X Mountain Lion 10.8.5 interface and icons. If you need to purchase Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, you can order it from this page. The current version of the Mac operating system is macOS Mojave. To learn more,.

With quite 65 million users—consumers, scientists, animators, developers, system administrators, and more—OS X is the most generally used UNIX® desktop operating system. Additionally, OS X is that the only UNIX environment that natively runs Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, and thousands of other consumer applications—all side by side with traditional command-line UNIX applications.

Tight integration with hardware—from the sleek MacBook Air to the powerful Mac Pro—makes OS X the platform of choice for an emerging generation of power users.

This document explores the powerful industry standards and breakthrough innovations within the core technologies that power Apple’s industry-leading user experiences. We walk you through the whole software stack, from firmware and kernel to iCloud and developer tools, to assist you to understand the various things OS X does for you each time you employ your Mac.

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Kernel

The OS X kernel is predicated on FreeBSD and Mach 3.0 and features an extensible architecture supported well-defined kernel programming interfaces (KPIs). OS X was the primary OS to ship as one install that would boot into either a 32-bit or 64-bit kernel, either of which could run 32-bit and 64-bit applications at the full native performance. Starting with a cougar, OS X exclusively uses a 64-bit kernel, but it continues to run both 32-bit and 64-bit applications.

To do this, I/O Kit provides the following:

• An object-oriented framework implementing common behavior shared among all

drivers and kinds (families) of drivers

• Many families of drivers for developers to create upon
• Threading, communication, and data-management primitives for handling issues

related to multiprocessing, task control, and I/O-transfers

• A strong, efficient match-and-load mechanism that scales well to all or any bus types
• The I/O Registry, a database that tracks instantiated objects (such as driver instances)

and provides information about them

• The I/O Catalog, a database of all I/O Kit classes available on a system
• A group of device interfaces—a plug-in mechanism that permits applications and other

software outside the kernel to speak with drivers

• Excellent overall performance
• Support for arbitrarily complex layering of client and provider objects

Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR)

Many malware exploits believe fixed locations for well-known system functions. To mitigate that risk, cougar randomly relocates the kernel, kexts, and system frameworks at system boot. This protection is out there for both 32-bit and 64-bit processes.

Recovery partitions

OS X Lion introduced a replacement Recovery HD partition that has the tools you would like to do the following

• Reinstall OS X
• Repair a tough drive
• Restore from a machine backup
• Launch Safari to look at the documentation and search the web
• Create Recovery HD partition on external drives.

Core Storage

Layered between the whole-disk partition scheme and therefore the filing system used for a specific partition may be a new logical volume format referred to as Core Storage, introduced in OS X Lion. Especially, Core Storage allows in-place transformations like backgrounding the full-disk encryption used by Filevault 2.

File systems

Partitions are typically formatted using some variant of the HFS Plus filing system, which provides fast Btree-based lookups, robust aliases, and rich metadata—including fine-grained access controls and extended attributes. Since OS X 10.3 Panther, every Mac has used a journaled version of HFS Plus (HFSJ) to enhance data reliability. Since OS X 10.6 ounce, HFS Plus has automatically compressed files.

You can also prefer to format partitions with HFSX, a case-sensitive variant of HFS Plus intended for compatibility with UNIX software. For interoperability with Windows, systems disks could also be formatted with FAT32 or exFAT.

Launched

The kernel replaces the complex web of init, Cron, Xinetd, and /etc/RC wont to launch and manage processes on traditional UNIX systems. Launched first appeared in OS X 10.4 Tiger. it’s available as open-source under the Apache license.

File-based configuration

Each job managed by launched has its own configuration to enter a typical launched. list(5) file format, which specifies the working directory, environment variables, timeout, Bonjour registration, etc. These lists are often installed independently in the standard OS X library domains (for example, /Network/Library,/System/Library/Library, or ~/Library), avoiding the necessity to edit system-wide configuration scripts. Jobs and lists also can be manually managed by the launch command-line tool.

Smart scheduling

Like traditional UNIX Cron jobs, launched jobs are often scheduled for specific calendar dates with the StartCalendarInterval key, also as at generic intervals via the StartInterval key. If the pc sleeps through multiple intervals, those events are going to coalesce into a single trigger.

Also Read:-Mac OS X Leopard 10.5 ISO/DMG Download Free

System Requirements of the Mac OS X Mountain Lion

• Minimum RAM requirement of 2GB.
• Free Hard Disk Drive of 8GB.
• Intel Multi-Core processor.

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You can download the Microsoft Office 2000 Professional full version for Windows by accessing the link below. Also, make sure that you have enough back up before you proceed with the same. There are a lot of duplicate ISO images on the market and it is best to download the same from a trusted source.

Running the latest software is not always the best decision. There are plenty of reasons you might want to downgrade or run an older version of macOS on your computer.

You may find that after the latest update your computer runs slower, your apps don’t function, or that the programs you need to run are not yet compatible with the upgrade. Maybe as a developer, you want to create a test environment to ensure your software runs properly in all available versions of OS X - check out the infographic below. Or you may simply like the look of the old version better (no judgement) and not want to upgrade until absolutely necessary.

Keep your apps while downgrading

Get Setapp, a collection of Mac apps that strengthen your macOS. Whenever you decide to downgrade, your apps will travel with you.

How to Install Old OS X on Your Mac

Although you might think that going back to the old macOS is not possible by looking at the App Store Updates tab, it’s actually quite easy to do. In this article, we’ll take you through everything you need to download and install an old OS X on your Mac.

Prepare your Mac first

Make sure you are ready to downgrade your operating system by checking in with what version of OS X you already have and ensuring you have enough hard drive room to download the older version. Clicking the apple in the top left corner of your desktop and selecting About This Mac will allow you to see what OS X version you are currently running. Tabbing over to Storage will let you know how much disk space you have available. You’ll need around around eight gigabytes free depending on which macOS you downgrade to.

Even if you do have enough space, it’s a good idea to clean your computer before installing the desired operating system. You can, of course, do so manually by deleting unused files and uninstalling old software to free up disk space. Depending on how tidy you are, this might take quite a bit of time.

To make things easy, use a specialized app like CleanMyMac, which will quickly free up space by detecting unused apps and large files, and offering to completely delete them, with all their hidden corresponding files, in one quick click.

Optimizing your Mac with CleanMyMac is effortless:

1. Launch CleanMyMac
2. Select the Smart Scan tab and click Scan
3. Review Details to see the list of suggested optimizations
4. Click Clean

To uninstall certain apps, find the Uninstaller tab and select the apps you haven’t been using for a while.

Download CMM X to prepare for Catalina

The only solution that will free up disk space, uninstall 32-bit apps, and solve tons of problems to prepare your Mac for a new macOS.

The final preparation step is to make sure you back up all your important files to cloud storage or an external drive. A proper backup app like Get Backup Pro can save you a lot of headache here.

To create a new backup with Get Backup Pro:

1. Connect your external hard drive
2. Click the plus icon in the bottom left corner
3. Type in the name for your backup
4. Choose your external drive as a destination
5. Adjust all the settings according to your preference and click OK
6. Tap the play button once you ready to perform the backup

Grab an old macOS with Setapp

Downgrading to previous operating systems on Mac gets easier. To put it shortly, Setapp has your back here.

Download the OS X you want

Once you have space on your computer, figure out what version of OS X you would like to install. You can see all previous versions of OS X your Mac has installed by opening up the App Store and clicking the icon in Applications. Tab to the Purchase page of the menu and scroll down to find the line for previous operating systems. Clicking the install button of the macOS you want will begin downloading the file.

What if I can’t find the version I want in the app store?

If your goal is to download a version of macOS that you have not already used, or, that was not available as an update from the App Store after you bought your Mac, you may need to purchase it. The earliest versions, OS X Lion and OS X Mountain Lion are available on the Apple Store’s website and arrive to you via email for download. OS X Snow Leopard ships as a boxed version and requires a disk drive to install.

It could be helpful to know where you sit on the timeline of macOS X updates. Below is a chronological list of all the updates beginning with the most recent update, High Sierra, released in 2017:

• OS X High Sierra 10.13
• OS X Sierra 10.12
• OS X ElCapitan 10.11
• OS X Yosemite 10.10
• OS X Mavericks 10.9
• OS X Mountain Lion 10.8
• OS X Lion 10.7, released in 2011

Visiting the Apple Support’s Downloads page makes it easy to search for any version of macOS you might need, and most are available for free. Downloads for previous versions of OS X are linked below and include:

Alternative sources for downloading macOS

If you can’t find the version you want from Apple, ask a friend who is running the macOS you’re looking for to make a copy of the installer file for you. Downloading a .dmg file from a torrent site may seem a quick solution, but it means risking your security. Alternatively, you could hit up your nearest Apple Store. They will likely have image files of all the different versions of the software and help you install it right there as well.

Install the macOS

If you download the file from the App Store, the installer will start immediately. Follow the prompts and be prepared to restart your computer. If you acquire the installer from another source, just downloading the file will not install the OS X right away on your Mac, you’ll need to find the file in your Downloads or Applications folder, then open and run the installer from the downloaded file.

I can’t download an old version of Mac OS X

A downgrade is different than an upgrade. When you try to downgrade macOS, the installer may not launch right away depending on which versions of macOS you are moving between. If your installer does not launch, or you get an error message that reads: “This copy of the ‘Install OS X’ application is too old to be opened on this version of OS X,” you’ll need to use a bootable USB or external drive to work around this problem.

Get a bootable drive with OS X

Creating a bootable USB or a bootable drive is not complicated. You’ll need an external drive with enough space to hold your desired OS X on it and a basic familiarity with Terminal, Apple’s command line interface.

If you’re uncomfortable using Terminal to execute basic commands, use an app like Disk Drill to help create a boot drive. Whether you use Terminal or Disk Drill, our guide on creating a bootable installer will walk you through all the necessary steps.

Remove the old OS X

Once your drive is prepared with your bootable version of OS X, erase the unwanted version. After you restart your computer, press and hold Command + R. When you enter the macOS Utilities screen, navigate to Disk Utility, click continue, and find your Startup Disk. Tab to the Erase page and name the file you want erased (e.g. macOS High Sierra). Then select Mac OS Extended (Journaled) from the dropdown menu. Hit Erase and quit out of Disk Utility. This will return you to the OS X Utilities selector.

Install the bootable version of OS X

If you used Disk Drill for creating your bootable drive, a window will prompt your actions for using the install disk you made. But if you created your own using Terminal, use OS X Utilities Selector and find Reinstall OS X. Find and select your install disk with your bootable version of your preferred macOS, and click continue through to the license agreement. Once you agree, you should be prompted by the installer. Once the installation is completed, your computer should restart. If it does not restart itself, make sure you restart it normally. The downgrade should be complete!

As you can see, downgrading your OS X is not as dreadful as you might think, especially if you use helper apps like CleanMyMac, Get Backup Pro, and Disk Drill — all of which are available for a free trial on Setapp. So downgrade away!

macOS evolution inforgaphic